《风景园林》2023-05刊首语 | 郑曦：海岸带景观

全文刊登于《风景园林》2023年第5期 P6-7

海岸带景观

Coastal Landscapes

沙滩、礁石、海浪、红树林，灯塔、栈桥、码头，繁华的港口与都会，太多的美丽与浪漫被赋予海岸带景观。海岸带是陆地与海洋生态系统交互作用的生态过渡地带，其所具有的独特区位、资源和环境优势，成为人类赖以生存的重要景观资源。全球海岸带总长达44万 km，是超过半数地球人口的主要栖息地。海洋与大陆此消彼长，相互作用，形成了丰富的地理单元和独特的生物群落，构成了各具特色的海岸带景观风貌。但也由于这种复杂性和边缘性，沿海地区成为典型的生态脆弱带，给海岸带的管理带来了诸多挑战。

中国的海岸带景观是独特的自然风光和文化遗产的结合，历史悠久，形成的特色也非常丰富。早在唐宋时期，各地修建海堤，防止海水侵蚀，海洋贸易发达，海岸带上的城市和港口繁荣。明清时期，海岸带开始成为重要的经济和军事区域，出现了许多海防城池和海上丝绸之路的重要港口；此外，海岸带还分布着许多优美的海滩和岛屿。19世纪末，美国等具有狭长海岸线的国家相继发布海岸带综合管理法规和规划，对海岸带地区空间管控、生态保护、经济开发等方面作明确控制。著名的加州1号公路穿越西海岸的壮阔景观，包括红杉树林、海岬、海狮栖息地、还有连绵不绝的宽广沙滩，舒适的阳光和气候，以及滨海城市的丰富人文风情。

海岸带景观是区域乃至全球的热点领域，具有高度研究价值和实践意义。联合国牵头展开的人与生物圈计划也将海陆交互专项列为核心研究之一。由于全球气候变化、国土开发强度日益增强以及对资源的不合理利用，海岸带依旧面临严峻的考验。很多滨海水产养殖区域利用潮汐能的海水消长，以潮沟作为排放和补给养殖用海水的渠道，增加了对近海环境的污染和对底栖生物生境的威胁。同时许多海岸带景观的自然岸线被大面积改造为人工岸线；加之持续的填海造陆，出现了硬质化、同质化及碎片化等问题，这些都大幅度改变了海岸带的自然景观和生态功能，导致海岸带生态系统退化、生物多样性下降、海岸侵蚀加剧、海洋污染严重等问题。亟须聚焦海岸带景观资源评价、气候变化应对、生态及环境保护规划实践等重要方向，提升海岸带景观的韧性。

荷兰的低地地区是全球最具有韧性海岸带景观区域之一。海岸带被建造了大量的海堤和沙丘来保护沿海城市和农村地区免受海洋侵蚀和洪水侵袭；这些海堤不仅可以减少海水的入侵，还可以防止海岸带的沙丘被风吹走。还注重河口湿地、滩涂和沿海湿地的修复，以增加当地的自然韧性。植被修复也可以加强海岸带的保护，并防止沙丘和沙滩受到破坏。

在山东烟台海滨烟台山上，建有一座精巧别致的观景亭，屹然翘立于波浪撞击的群礁之上，是观“芝罘日出”最佳位置。亭名“惹浪”，取招惹浪花之意，通过问名把人工构筑与海浪奔赴而来的自然现象浑然一体，更赋予新的人文内涵，点景成境，非常精妙。在保护和恢复海岸带生态系统的基础上，创造出自然景色与人文风貌协调共融的优美海岸带景观，更是永恒的追求。

Coastal landscapes are a source of beauty and wonder, offering sandy beaches, reefs, waves, mangroves, lighthouses, trestles, wharfs, bustling ports and metropolises. These areas serve as ecological transition zones where land and marine ecosystems interact to create a unique environmental system. Coastal zones are an important landscape resource for human survival due to their advantageous location and resources. They provide habitat for over half of the Earth's population, spanning a total length of 440,000 km around the world. The interaction between the ocean and continents gives rise to diverse geographical units and unique biological communities in coastal areas, resulting in distinctive landscapes and features. However, due to their complexity and marginality, these regions have become ecologically fragile areas that present significant challenges.

The coastal landscapes of China are a unique blend of natural beauty and cultural heritage, enriched by their long history. As early as the Tang and Song dynasties, sea walls were built across the nation to prevent erosion from seawater, maritime trade was highly developed, leading to the flourishing of cities and ports along the coastlines. During Ming and Qing dynasties, coastal zones became important economic and military areas with many defense cities and ports appearing along the Maritime Silk Road. Additionally, there are numerous beautiful beaches and islands distributed throughout these regions. In the late 19th century, countries such as the USA with long and narrow coastlines have implemented regulations and plans to manage the coastal zones comprehensively. These measures aim to establish clear control over spatial governance, ecological protection, and economic development in these areas. One example of a famous coastal route is California State Route 1 which runs along the West Coast. The scenic drive showcases magnificent landscapes including redwood forests, coastal capes, and sea lions' habitats. Additionally, visitors can enjoy broad sandy beaches with amiable sunshine and climate. Coastal cities also offer rich humanistic and cultural flavors for tourists to experience.

Coastal landscapes are of great research value and practical significance, both regionally and globally. The United Nations' Man and Biosphere Programme has identified sea-land interaction as a core study plan. However, coastal zones face significant challenges regarding climate change, massive land development, and inappropriate resource utilization. In many coastal aquaculture areas, tidal energy is harnessed through the use of tidal trenches for seawater discharge and recharge, yet this may lead to pollution in offshore environments and threaten benthonic organisms' habitats. Coastal landscapes around the world have undergone significant transformations, with natural shorelines being replaced by artificial ones, in addition to the continuous land reclamation, which has resulted in a range of problems such as landscape hardening, homogenization and fragmentation. These issues have had a massive impact on the ecological functionalities of coastal zones, leading to degradation of ecosystems, decline in biodiversity, intensified coastal erosion and marine pollution. To address these challenges, it is imperative to prioritize research efforts towards crucial areas such as evaluating coastal landscape resources, responding to climate change impacts, and implementing effective ecological environmental protection and planning practices. These measures are expected to enhance the resilience of coastal landscapes.

Among the most resilient coastal landscapes in the world are the lowland areas of the Netherlands. Extensive sea walls and sand dunes are constructed along the coast zones, so as to protect coastal cities and rural regions from marine erosion and flood invasion. These sea walls cannot only relieve seawater intrusion, but can also prevent winds from blowing away the sand dunes along the coastline. With a focus on restoration of estuarine wetlands, mudflats and coastal wetlands, the natural resilience of the local areas is boosted. Vegetation restoration can also reinforce the protection of coastal zones, while preventing the destruction of dunes and beaches.

Perched atop a cluster of reefs, overlooking the crashing waves along the seaside of Yantai in Shandong Province, China, stands an exquisite pavilion named "Re-Lang", meaning to court the waves. This ingenious structure provides an ideal vantage point for viewing the breathtaking "Chefoo Sunrise". The name perfectly integrates both artificial and natural elements, creating a unique humanistic interpretation of this stunning coastal landscape. It represents our eternal pursuit to create beautiful coastal landscapes that harmoniously blend natural scenery with human design while preserving and restoring the coastal ecosystems.

主编：郑曦教授

Editor-in-chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

2023年5月5日

May 5, 2023

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